Episode 21 # Memory : Retrieval and Forgetting !

 

Salam to all Dynamite's readers,

The topic for todays entry is retrieval and forgetting.

 

Forgetting  refers to apparent loss of information already encoded and stored in an individual's long term memory.
 

Theories of forgetting

Cue-dependent forgetting

  Cue-dependent forgetting (also, context-dependent forgetting) or retrieval failure, is the failure to recall a memory due to missing stimuli or cues that were present at the time the memory was encoded.

Trace decay  
Trace decay theory explains memories that are stored in both short term and long term memory system. According to this theory, short term memory (STM) can only retain information for a limited amount of time, around 15 to 30 seconds unless it is rehearsed

Organic causes  
 These theories encompass the loss of information already retained in long term memory or the inability to encode new information again.

Interference theories
 Interference theory refers to the idea that when the learning of something new causes forgetting of older material on the basis of competition between the two.

 Decay theory 

 Decay theory states that when something new is learned, a neurochemical, physical "memory trace" is formed in the brain and over time this trace tends to disintegrate, unless it is occasionally used.

 

Retrieving memories is something the brain is very good at. But occasionally it lets us down. If it wasn't relevant enough to you, or you didn't practise the name, the memory of the meeting may elude you. 



Retrieval cues 

• Information which helps recall memories, falling under two categories: state-dependent cues and context-dependent cues
• Context-Dependent Cues
  memory retrieval cues which depend on the environment and situation
  
  
• State-dependent cues
  memory retrieval cues which depend on your state of mind and being at the time of encoding
  
  
   
  
  
  (credit information from google)

Episode 20 # Memory again !!

 

Continued to our next lesson, 

Memory is the essential part of the cognition which it is encompasses of acquired (encoding), stored, retrieved and we were also learned about the types of forgetting. According to the information processing model, it is consists of three ways namely; sensory memory, working memory and long term memory.

 In the sensory memory, the capacity memory is large which it can inferred with all of the sensory input are being encoded into the sensory memory.  Furthermore, there are two types of memory; echoic memory (auditory input) and iconic memory (visual memory).

 In comparison between both types, the shortest duration is from iconic memory with 0.5 seconds compared with three seconds respectively.

In terms of processing memory, there are eight types of attention; motion (the moving object are more likely to capture attention), size (the bigger, the better for an eye-catching), intensity (the bright, the better), novelty (the peculiar object), incongruity (objects or sentences that does not make sense), emotion (strong emotional association), personal significance (“cocktail phenomenon which there is a voice calling your name when you are having a function)  and social cues (social attraction).

As a conclusion, memory is the process involved in retaining, retrieving and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas and skills after the original information is no longer present. It is important for dealing with day-to-day events. All of the exercises in the class illustrate the importance of memory for normal functioning especially encoding the information of the subjects during the final examinations.

Episode 19 # Testing Our Memory!

Dear readers,

In learning class on May 2, we were not learning a theory as usual, rather madam put the learning topic in a practical way. How it goes? As the class begin, madam instruct us to sit in our own group and have some game that related to the memory since we were in the chapter of memory.

Each group had received a small envelope which consist pieces of red paper in it. On those red pieces of paper, there were many words that have own pair. At first, we seems like didn't have any idea about it. Once madam explained a bit, we get the picture about how the game should be played. What we need to do was, we need to flip over the pieces of paper until we get the similar pair. Then the game start by flipping up one piece of paper and find another one piece of paper that have similar word.

This is how the game look alike. The difference is, we were using the words or vocabulary instead of the pictures as shown.

The excite part was when madam ask us to compete within group member in term of how many similar word we get. Even though the game is kind of relaxing game, but we enjoy playing the game so much. We enjoy playing 3 rounds! Once complete three rounds, madam ask each group to have a representative to compete with other groups.

Last but not least, we have to list down the strategy, error and suggestion during playing the game according to the learning principle that we had learnt.

Yeah! This is our group member's reaction during the game was run. Try to remember the position of the similar word. :)

Later we will list the strategy that we used during playing the game with the principle of learning and some suggestion in order to improve our skills in this game.


Thanks for reading :)

Episode 18 # Memory (sensory memory,working memory,STM and LTM)

 Assalamuaalaikum to dear readers, 

In this session, we learned about the concept of short term memory (working memory), capacity of the STM (7±2 items with lots of exercises that related to the STM). 

 

 In terms of time limit, monosyllabic words are more recalled more easily than polysyllabic words. Furthermore, in order to increase the STM, all you need to do is by chunking of the items into meaningful units and maintenance rehearsal maintenance of mental/verbal repetition of information allows information to retain in working memory than the usual 30 seconds. 

 

Serial position effect is one of the features of the STM. It is defined as the tendency for recall of the first and the last items on a list to surpass recall of items in the idle of the list.

This is in line with our experience when we are going to retrieve the fact in the exams by remembering the first and the last facts. However, the middle facts are in the tip of the tongue.

 

Therefore, there is a need to do acronym in order to remember the facts in an order, take for example.   In a conclusion, we need to appreciate the STM in order for us to retrieve the facts or information that is meaningful from the STM to the LTM by rehearsing the items so that it can stored into the LTM.

Thanks for reading our Dynamite's entry !! 

XOXO

Episode 17 # Modelling

 To all readers,

In this lesson, we learned about the social cognitive theory with the combination of behaviorist concept and cognitive notions. 

Environmental factors play an essential role to communicate with each other by producing behavior that may influence to the environment. 

On the other hand, self-regulation is aiming to exercise by your own control. It is our will to determine whether what we are going to do accordingly of the self-regulation. 

Since we are already know about the concept of the modeling, let’s try to look at  how modeling affects behaviors; teaching new behavior, influencing the frequency of previously learned behavior with the additional of facilitation and inhibition, encouraging forbidden behavior, increasing the frequency of similar behavior.  

All these approaches are essential to mould good behavior among school children. 

 

Furthermore, there are characteristics of effective model that are very useful to demonstrate particular model such as competency of the model by imitating the specific model to the others, prestige and power bring the meaning of a high status, respect and power are more likely to serve as a model and “gender-appropriate” model in which it is the tendency of males to follow male model behavior. 

 

competence

prestige and power

respect and power

"gender appropriate"

In conclusion, this would be important to the teachers to educate the schoolchildren by showing the good behavior to them by being imitated on what they are supposedly to imitate. Hence, the academic skills, aggression and morality should be taken into consideration before the teachers are going to demonstrate certain behavior.

 

Thank you  for reading Dynamite's entry.

XOXO